Use `docker bake` to add binaries to base images

With the creation of base images (#38321 (closed)), we need to just add the binary to them.

For this, we can use our existing scripts, updating the base image, but it'd probably be easier to manage/more efficient if we introduce a bake file to do this.

This is made slightly harder because we export the images to individual platform tar files, but I think we can. use outputs=type=docker, and then export each image for each platform from the docker daemon.