Not pulling docker images often enough (or at all?)
Seems like the runner will pull the image once when a job is first run, but then afterwards the images are never updated:
gitlab@gitlab-ci-runner:~$ docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED VIRTUAL SIZE
gitlab/gitlab-runner cache 4f1f3bc1bfbf 2 weeks ago 2.433 MB
python 2 65c00af7c3f9 8 weeks ago 746.6 MB
busybox latest 8c2e06607696 3 months ago 2.433 MB
ubuntu latest 2d24f826cb16 5 months ago 188.3 MB
Notice that both python:2 and ubuntu:latest have very old images, and there are newer ones available for both.