Allow protected branch creation via web and API

What does this MR do?

This MR allows users with merge permission to create branches that match any protected branches added to a repository. This is only allowed to be done via web interface and API.

API and feature specs aren't added (I added them initially but then removed) as gitlab-shell hooks don't actually run on test environment. As a result, those tests just pass regardless so I decided to remove and not add them.

What are the relevant issue numbers?

#53361 (closed)

Does this MR meet the acceptance criteria?

• Changelog entry added, if necessary
• Documentation created/updated via this MR
• Documentation reviewed by technical writer or follow-up review issue created
• Tests added for this feature/bug
• Tested in all supported browsers
• Conforms to the code review guidelines
• Conforms to the merge request performance guidelines
• Conforms to the style guides
• Conforms to the database guides
• Link to e2e tests MR added if this MR has Requires e2e tests label. See the Test Planning Process.
• Security reports checked/validated by reviewer

Closes #53361 (closed)