Refactor CE Documentation Homepage

What does this MR do?

A proof of concept of an MVC for making the documentation easier to consume.

Relates to: https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/issues/52304.

Ported in: https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ee/merge_requests/7525.

Closes: https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/issues/53124.

Author's checklist

• Apply the correct labels and milestone
• Crosslink the document from the higher-level index
• Crosslink the document from other subject-related docs
• Correctly apply the product badges and tiers
• Port the MR to EE (or backport from CE): always recommended, required when the ee-compat-check job fails

Review checklist

• Your team's review (required)
• PM's review (recommended, but not a blocker)
• Technical writer's review (required)
• Merge the EE-MR first, CE-MR afterwards