Show the "protected" property of a branch with icons

Since we've an icon for "branch", it could be useful to have it clear if it's also "protected" by adding another icon or modify the existing one.

Some proposal was available at https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/issues/30634#note_31863658.

We can still use the protected badge where we've enough room to display it.

cc @mydigitalself @dimitrieh