[EE] Reduce the complexity of our CI configuration

EE port of https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/merge_requests/31728.

What does this MR do?

This tries to reduce the complexity of our CI configuration, mostly by using extends.

I've also pushed the same branch to qa-branch-gather-jobs-data-ee and docs-branch-gather-jobs-data-ee to double-check that this change doesn't affect the jobs that are run and/or timings (https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/-/branches/all?utf8=✓&search=branch-gather-jobs-data-ee).

Closes https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/issues/65702, https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/issues/51367.

Does this MR meet the acceptance criteria?

Conformity

• Changelog entry
• Documentation created/updated or follow-up review issue created
• Code review guidelines
• Merge request performance guidelines
• Style guides
• Database guides
• Separation of EE specific content

Performance and Testing

• Review and add/update tests for this feature/bug. Consider all test levels. See the Test Planning Process.
• Tested in all supported browsers

Security

If this MR contains changes to processing or storing of credentials or tokens, authorization and authentication methods and other items described in the security review guidelines:

• Label as security and @ mention @gitlab-com/gl-security/appsec
• The MR includes necessary changes to maintain consistency between UI, API, email, or other methods
• Security reports checked/validated by a reviewer from the AppSec team