Backport StackedProgressBar component from GitLab EE

What does this MR do?

Backports StackedProgressBar component from GitLab EE which was added with https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ee/merge_requests/3902

Does this MR meet the acceptance criteria?

• Changelog entry added, if necessary
• [ ] Documentation created/updated
• [ ] API support added
• Tests added for this feature/bug
• Review
  • [ ] Has been reviewed by UX
  • Has been reviewed by Frontend
  • [ ] Has been reviewed by Backend
  • [ ] Has been reviewed by Database
• Conform by the merge request performance guides
• Conform by the style guides
• Squashed related commits together
• [ ] Internationalization required/considered

What are the relevant issue numbers?

Closes #41856 (closed)