Updated katex library

What does this MR do?

Updates the katex library that GitLab uses for its GFM

Does this MR meet the acceptance criteria?

• Changelog entry added, if necessary
• Documentation created/updated
• Review
  • Has been reviewed by Frontend
• Conform by the merge request performance guides
• Conform by the style guides
• Squashed related commits together
• Internationalization required/considered

What are the relevant issue numbers?

https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/issues/39072, closes https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/issues/43032