feat: add functionality to do a patch apply with exclusions

mentioned in merge request gitlab-org/analytics-section/platform-insights/data-insights-platform-infra!56 (merged)

mentioned in merge request nolith/mise2nix!53 (merged)

mentioned in merge request gitlab-com/gl-infra/gitlab-dedicated/library/terraform/resource-tagger!91 (merged)

mentioned in merge request common-ci-task-tests!351 (merged)

mentioned in merge request common-template-copier!472 (merged)

mentioned in merge request gitlab-com/gl-infra/gitlab-dedicated/library/ip-allowlist-deny-blackbox!263 (merged)

mentioned in merge request gitlab-com/gl-infra/terraform-modules/cloudflare/zones!21 (merged)

mentioned in merge request gitlab-com/gl-infra/terraform-modules/cloudflare/dns!16 (merged)