Actually Node 10 is currently the best choice due to performance problems with Node 12 and later. My impression is that the performance problems have been mostly solved with Asciidoctor.js 2+, so eventually there will be a path forward :-).
Any version of Node >= 8 should work just fine. Though we should update the instructions to make them accurate.
For very large sites, Node 10 is still the best choice. You are unlikely to impacted by the performance issues with Node 12 and 14 unless your site is in the GBs.
That document doesn't actually claim that 12 is the default version. It says "you will see a version string like" (meaning you will see a version string). Which version is installed is highly dependent on which OS you are running and what it packages by default.
When you install nvm, it doesn't install a Node version by default. So you must have requested that it install a Node version (like nvm install 14 or nvm install node). In that case, it will show the version of Node you installed.
nvm automatically adds the default alias to the first version of Node you install, so we might want to mention that.
Gb sites are not needed to make Antora too slow on node > 10. I worked with someone with a page with a list with several thousand entries and that was enough to make the build time implausibly long on node 12, IIRC it went from >20 min to ~4 min when downgrading.
Thanks for that insight. Indeed, we do know there is a bad interaction between the older version of Opal and newer versions of Node. It is something that will be solved, at least in part, by the upgrade to Asciidoctor.js 2. But that conversation is for a separate thread.