Unable to setup adb debugging on Samsung Galaxy Note 3 with LineageOS 16

Expected Behavior

I'm trying to follow the adb setup described here: https://wiki.lineageos.org/adb_fastboot_guide.html#setting-up-adb, mainly to upgrade my current LineageOS 16.0 to the latest 17.1. I have adb installed on my computer, "Developer options" are activated on the phone and USB debugging as well. So plugging the phone to the computer with the USB cable is supposed to display a dialog asking for debugging permissions.

Current Behavior

The dialog asking for debugging permissions never appears, and when running "adb devices", I can see the phone, but with "no permissions". So any adb command fails.

Steps to Reproduce

All the steps described here: https://wiki.lineageos.org/adb_fastboot_guide.html#setting-up-adb, adapted for the version I have:

  1. Open Settings, and select “About phone”.
  2. Tap on “Build number” seven times.
  3. Go back, and select "System", then "Advanced", then “Developer options”.
  4. Scroll down, and check the “Android debugging” entry under “Debugging”. I checked the "Debugging notify" option as well.
  5. Plug the device into the computer.
  6. On the computer, open up a terminal/command prompt and type "adb devices".
  7. The dialog that should show on the device, asking to allow USB debugging actually never appears.

/device hlte /version lineage-16.0 /date 2020-10-03 /kernel /baseband /mods

I have read the directions.