_artifactcache.py: Refactored to use utils._get_volume_size()

This will benefit from a better UtilError being raised, and
and turns the artifact cache's local function into a one liner.

The loop which finds the first existing directory in the
given path has been removed, being meaningless due to the
call to os.makedirs() in ArtifactCache.__init__().

The local function was renamed to _get_cache_volume_size() and
no longer takes any arguments, which is more suitable for the
function as it serves as a testing override surface for
unittest.mock().

The following test cases which use the function to override
the ArtifactCache behavior have been updated to use the new
overridable function name:

   tests/artifactcache/cache_size.py
   tests/artifactcache/expiry.py